PROTOCOLS
PROTOCOL– Set of rules or language use by computer and networking devices to communicate with one another
SERVICE - A service use by computer and networking devices such as file and print services
Networking Protocols
TCP/IP - Abbreviation for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for transmitting data over networks.
UDP – User Datagram Protocol is a streamline economy class version of TCP which is connectionless but is very unreliable compared with TCP which is connection oriented
IPX/SPX – Internet Network Packet Exchange/Sequential Packet Exchange the Native protocol use by an older Novell Netware Networks
NETBEUI- Pronounced net-booey, NetBEUI is short for NetBios Enhanced User Interface. It is an enhanced version of the NetBIOS protocol used by network operating systems such as LAN Manager, LAN Server, and Windows for Workgroups, Windows 9x and Windows NT.
Apple Talk - Protocols use by older Apple computers
DLC Short for Data Link Control, an older protocol use to communicate with Mainframe computers and some older HP network laser printers.
NWLINK- Netware Link developed by Microsoft to communicate with Older Novell networks
Dial Up Networking Protocols
PPP Short for Point-to-Point Protocol, a method of connecting to a computer to the Internet PPP is more stable than the older SLIP protocol and provides error-checking features.
SLIP-Short for Serial Line Internet Protocol, a method of connecting to the Internet another more common method is PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol). SLIP is an older and simpler protocol, but from a practical perspective, there's not much difference between connecting to the Internet via SLIP or PPP. In general, service providers offer only one protocol although some support both protocols.
RAS – Dial up Protocol service use for connecting to a Microsoft Remote Access Server
PPPoE- Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet used for connecting multiple network users on an Ethernet LAN to a remote site through a common device. Very popular with DSL and wireless
Voice over IP Protocols
RTP Short for Real-time Transport Protocol, a standard use to define packets used on Internet to move voice or data from a server to clients
SIP Short for Session Initiation Protocol, a standard use to handle the initiation, setup and delivery of VoIP sessions.
H.323 A competing VoIP protocol to SIP that specializes in handling multicasting
Transferring File Protocols
FTP - Abbreviation of File Transfer Protocol, the protocol used on the Internet for connection oriented transferring of files. Popular protocol for uploading and downloading pages
SFTP – Secure File Transfer Protocol use for transferring files in a secure manner
TFTP – Trivial File Transfer Protocol is a connectionless FTP as opposed to FTP which is connection oriented
World Wide Web Protocol
HTTP - Short for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. It lets the browser communicate with the web server.
HTTPS – HTTP Secure with built in SSL (Encryption)
Newsgroup Protocols
NNTP - Short for Network News Transfer Protocol, the protocol used to post, distribute, and retrieve USENET, BBS or newsgroup materials
Directory protocols
LDAP - Short for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, a set of protocols for accessing information directories. LDAP is based on the standards contained within the X.500 standard, but is significantly simpler.
E-Mail Protocols
POP3- Short for Post Office Protocol version 3, the protocol used for receiving incoming e-mail.
SMTP - Short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers.
IMAP4 – Internet Messaging Protocol version 4 use by mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail server
Routing Protocols
RIP – Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the most commonly used routing protocols on internal networks (and to a lesser extent, networks connected to the Internet) which helps routers dynamically adapt to changes of network connections by communicating information about which networks each router can reach and how far away those networks are
OSPF - The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a link state hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing. Algorithm is used to calculate the shortest path first. It uses cost as its routing metric. A link state database is constructed of the network topology which is identical on all routers in the area
EIGRP - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol loosely based on their original IGRP
BGP - Border Gateway Protocol. When two systems are using BGP, they establish a TCP connection, then send each other their BGP routing tables. BGP uses distance vectoring. It detects failures by sending periodic keep alive messages to its neighbors every 30 seconds. It exchanges information about reachable networks with other BGP systems including the full path of systems that are between them.
EGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol is used between routers of different systems.
IGP - Interior Gateway Protocol. The name used to describe the fact that each system on the internet can choose its own routing protocol. RIP and OSPF are interior gateway protocols.
Host Management Protocols
DHCP-Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol a method for automatically assigning IP addresses to client computers on a network
BOOTP- Short for Bootstrap Protocol, an Internet Protocol that enables a diskless workstation to discover its own IP address, the IP address of a BOOTP server on the network, and a file to be loaded into memory to boot the machine.
Networking Management Protocols
SNMP – Simple Network Management Protocol (service protocol use for managing networks)
ICMP – Internet Control Messaging Protocol which is a suite use to PING another host
ARP – Address Resolution Protocol is a network layer protocol that resolves network IP address into MAC addresses
Name Translation Protocols
DNS-Domain Name Service- A protocol that translates HOST names to IP address
WINS-Windows Internet Name Service a TCP/IP network service for MS Networks that resolves Net BIOS names and facilitates browsing across sub networks the manual file is called LMHOSTS
Multicasting Protocol
IGMP – Internet Group Multicast Protocol is use to send multicast group membership to adjacent routers. Multicast is communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical uses include the updating of mobile personnel from a home office and the periodic issuance of online newsletters.
Networking Service Protocols
Telnet – TELecommunication NETwork is a terminal emulation service use to connect to another host
SSH – Secure Shell is an application program use to log into another computer over a network
NTP – Network Time Protocol is a standard application protocol that sets computer clocks to a standard time source.
LPD/LPR – Line Printer Daemon/Line Printer Remote Protocol originally developed for and used on UNIX systems. This is a printer service/protocol that uses TCP/IP to establish connections between printers and computers on the network
ICS – Internet Connection Sharing is a method for connecting multiple computers in a LAN to the Internet through a single connection utilizing a single IP address
NAT – Network Address translation is used in computer networking, (NAT, also known as network masquerading or IP-masquerading) is a technique in which the source and/or destination addresses of IP packets are rewritten as they pass through a router or firewall. It is most commonly used to enable multiple hosts on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address.
SMB – Server Message Block is an application-level network protocol mainly applied to shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network. It also provides an authenticated Inter-process communication mechanism.
AFP – Apple File Protocol is use by Non-Apple networks to access data on an Apple Talk Server
Samba – Provides file and print services to SMB clients. An open source version of the SMB file sharing protocol originally developed for UNIX also runs on Linux|
RDP – Remote Desktop Protocol use in conjunction with terminal services provides a way for a client system to connect to a server
Zeroconf or Zero Configuration Networking is a set of techniques that automatically create a usable IP network without configuration or special servers. This allows inexpert users to connect computers, networked printers, and other items together and expect them to work automatically.
Secure Protocols
SSL - Short for Secure Sockets Layer, a protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. SSL works by using a public key to encrypt data that's transferred over the SSL connection.
IPSec – IP Security protocol is designed to provide secure communications between systems.
PPTP Short for Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol, a new technology use for creating a Virtual Private Networks (VPN’s),
L2TP Short for Layer Two (2) Tunneling Protocol, an extension to the PPP protocol that enables ISP’s to operate Virtual Private Networks (VPN’s).
WEP – WEP stands for Wired Equivalent Privacy. This is a security protocol for Wi-Fi networks. WEP was designed to provide the same level of security that a wired network provides. It provides security by encrypting data over the radio waves.
WPA - Stands for "Wi-Fi Protected Access." WPA is a security protocol designed to create secure wireless networks. It is similar to the WEP protocol, but offers improvements in the way it handles security keys and the way users are authorized
WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security is a component in the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) protocol stack. It sits between the WTP and WDP layers in the WAP communications stack.
Authentication Protocols
CHAP – Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol – CHAP is a weak one way authentication protocol use in RAS and some PPP connections
MS-CHAP – MS Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol – Offers more security than CHAP use by Microsoft it supports version v1 and v2.
PAP – Password Authentication Protocol –PAP is the weakest authentication protocol that sends username and password in clear text form with no encryption over RAS.
SPAP- Shiva Password Authentication Protocol - A proprietary version of PAP used to connect to RAS servers manufactured by the Shiva Corporation
RADIUS – Remote Authentication Dial-In User Services – Industry standard authentication protocol that provides authorization, authentication and accounting services. Standard in dial up servers and Proxy Servers
TACACS - Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System is a remote authentication protocol that is used to communicate with an authentication server commonly used in UNIX networks. TACACS allows a remote access server to communicate with an authentication server in order to determine if the user has access to the network.
EAP – Extensible Authentication Protocol a general protocol that provides support for several different authentication protocols often use by wireless devices. (EAP-TLS) uses certificates for user authentication such as smart cards often use with laptops.
Kerberos – is a strong secure network authentication protocol designed and created at MIT that Windows 2K, 2003, XP, UNIX, Linux and Novell use for logging in a network.
